The basic working principle of LiDAR is based on the time-of-flight measurement method. The process begins with the LiDAR sensor emitting rapid laser pulses toward the target area. These pulses travel at the speed of light until they encounter an object or surface. Once the pulse strikes an object, part of the light reflects back to the sensor. By recording the time it takes for the pulse to return, the system can calculate the distance to the object. The formula to calculate distance is simple: Distance = (Speed of Light × Time) / 2.

LiDAR systems typically consist of several core components that work together to collect data:

1. Laser Source: The laser component emits a series of laser pulses toward the target. The type of laser used can vary depending on the specific application and the required resolution.
2. Scanner: The scanner directs the laser beams, ensuring they cover the desired area. It may oscillate or rotate to scan large regions, capturing 3D spatial data.
3. Receiver: This component detects the laser pulses reflected from objects or surfaces and measures the time taken for them to return.
4. GPS (Global Positioning System): The GPS unit provides precise location information, ensuring that the LiDAR data is correctly georeferenced and positioned on the Earth’s surface.
5. IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit): The IMU tracks the orientation and movement of the LiDAR system, ensuring that data is captured from accurate angles and positions, even when the sensor is in motion.

Together, these components create a high-resolution, 3D “point cloud” representing the scanned area. Each point in the cloud corresponds to a specific distance measurement, forming the basis for creating highly detailed maps and models of objects or terrains.